Community, society, and property: REDD+ and indigenous groups in Mato Grosso (Brazil)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20435/serieestudos.v27i60.1686

Keywords:

REDD , indigenous rights, land conflicts

Abstract

The article investigates the impact of REDD+ programs on indigenous livelihoods. Referring to Ferdinand Tönnies’ distinction, it argues that the involvement of indigenous groups with REDD+ fosters a transition from locally oriented, self-sustaining “communities” towards individualistic and market-oriented “societies” that are integrated into the global REDD+ architecture. Although international REDD+ initiatives attempt to integrate indigenous perspectives with the help of consultative procedures, the necessary conditions for a context-sensitive transformation remain unfulfilled, as long as indigenous groups do not obtain secure property titles for their lands. The inherent contradictions of the prevailing REDD+ approach create social tensions and dilemmas both for the participating indigenous groups and the initiators of these projects. Based on semi-structured interviews and participant observations, these dynamics are illustrated by the interplay between indigenous groups, public officials, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and international REDD+ financers in Mato Grosso (Brazil).

Author Biography

Thomas R. Eimer, Radboud University Nijmegen

Assistant Professor of International Relations at Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Management Research, Department of Political Science and Public Administration.

References

ASIA INDIGENOUS PEOPLES PACT [AIPP]; INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS [IWGIA]. Indigenous Women in REDD+: Making their voices heard. Copenhagen; Chiang Mai: AIPP; IWGIA, 2014.

ADLER, P. S. Community and innovation: from Tönnies to Marx. Organization Studies, [s.l.], v. 36, n. 4, p. 445-71, 2015.

ALVAREZ, G.; ELFVING, M.; ANDRADE, C. REDD+ governance and indigenous peoples in Latin America: the case of Suru Carbon Project in the Brazilian Amazon Forest. Latin American Journal of Management for Sustainable Development, [s.l.], v. 3, n. 2, p. 133-46, 2016.

BANCO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO E SOCIAL [BNDS]. Amazon Fund: activity report 2013. Rio de Janeiro: BNDS, 2014.

AMAZON WATCH. Complicity in Destruction II: how northern consumers and financiers enable Bolsonaro's assault on the Brazilian Amazon. Amazon Watch, Oakland; Washington, 25 apr. 2019.

ARORA‐JONSSON, S.; WESTHOLM, L.; TEMU, B. J.; PETITT, A. Carbon and cash in climate assemblages: the making of a new global citizenship. Antipode, [s.l.], v. 48, n. 1, p. 74-96, 2016.

ASHER, K. Fragmented forests, fractured lives: ethno‐territorial struggles and development in the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia. Antipode, [s.l.], v. 52, n. 4, p. 949-70, 2020.

BENJAMINSEN G.; KAARHUS R. Commodification of forest carbon: REDD+ and socially embedded forest practices in Zanzibar. Geoforum, Amsterdam, v. 93, p. 48-56, 2018.

BIDONE, F.; KOVACIC, Z. From nationalism to global climate change: analysis of the historical evolution of environmental governance in the Brazilian Amazon. International Forestry Review, [s.l.], v. 20, n. 4, p. 420-35, 2018.

BOND, N. Ferdinand Tönnies’ appraisal of Karl Marx: debts and distance. Journal of Classical Sociology, [s.l.], v. 13, n. 1, p. 136-62, 2013.

BOND, P. Emissions trading, new enclosures and eco‐social contestation. Antipode, [s.l.], v. 44, n. 3, p. 684-701, 2011.

BOYD, W.; STICKLER, C.; DUCHELLE, A. E.; SEYMOUR, F.; NEPSTAD, D.; BAHAR, N. H. A.; RODRIGUEZ-WARD, D. Jurisdictional approaches to REDD+ and low emissions development: progress and prospects. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2018.

BRACKING, S. Financialisation, climate finance, and the calculative challenges of managing environmental change. Antipode, [s.l.], v. 51, n. 3, p. 709-29, 2019.

BUCKLEY, K. Space, social relations, and contestation: transformative peacebuilding and world social forum climate spaces. Antipode, [s.l.], v. 50, n. 2, p. 279-97, 2018.

BÜSCHER, B.; FLETCHER, R. Accumulation by conservation. New Political Economy, London, v. 20, n. 2, p. 273-298, 2015.

CAHNMAN, W. J. Tönnies and Social Change. Social Forces, [s.l.], v. 47, n. 2, p. 136-44, 1968.

COLLINS, Y. A. Colonial residue: REDD+, territorialisation and the racialized subject in Guyana and Suriname. Geoforum, Amsterdam, v. 106, p. 38-47, 2019.

COULTHARD, G. S. Red skin, white masks: rejecting the colonial politics of recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.

COULTHARD, G. S. Subjects of Empire: indigenous peoples and the ‘Politics of Recognition’ in Canada. Contemporary Political Theory, London, v. 6, n. 4, p. 437-60, 2007.

CORBERA, E.; MANUEL, E.; MAY, P. H.; NAVARRO, G.; PACHECO, P. Rights to Land, Forests and Carbon in REDD+: insights from Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica. Forests, [s.l.], v. 2, n. 1, p. 301-42, 2011.

DEHM, J. Indigenous peoples and REDD+ safeguards: rights as resistance or as disciplinary inclusion in the green economy? Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, [s.l.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 170-217, 2016.

SILVA, N. T. C.; FERREIRA NETO, J. A. A monetarização da vida social dos Paiter Suruí. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, Belém, v. 9, n. 1, p. 163-81, 2014.

DUCHELLE, A. E. et al. Linking forest tenure reform, environmental compliance, and incentives: lessons from REDD+ initiatives in the Brazilian Amazon. World Development, [s.l.], v. 55, p. 53-67, 2014.

DURKHEIM, E. Communauté et société selon Tönnies. Sociologie, Paris, v. 4, n. 2, 2013.

FAIRHEAD J.; LEACH, M.; SCOONES, I. Green Grabbing: a new appropriation of nature? Journal of Peasant Studies, v. 39, n. 2, p. 237-61, 2012.

FISHER, W. H. Victims of the economic miracle forty years later: Brazil's indigenous lands in the post-earth summit era. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, [s.l.], v. 44, n.3-4, p. 197-260, 2015.

GÁLMEZ, V. Proyecto de carbono Suruí Brasil. San José: Programa Manejo Forestal Sostenible [MFS]; Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura [IICA]; Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Finlandia [MAEF], 2013.

DEUTSCHE GESELLSCHAFT FÜR INTERNATIONALE ZUSAMMENARBEIT [GIZ]. Technical Cooperation for the REDD Early Movers (REM) Program: Mato Grosso and Acre – Brazil. Bonn; Eschborn: GIZ, 2018.

GUERRA R.; DUCHELLE, A. E.; FREITAS JUNIOR, D. S.; RIZEK, M. B. Cotriguaçu Sempre Verde, Brazil: conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. In: O’Sills E.; ATMADJA, S. S.; SASSI, C.; DUCHELLE, A. E.; KWEKA, D. L.; RESOSUDARMO, I. A. P.; SUNDERLIN, W. D. (Ed.). REDD+ on the Ground: a case book of subnational initiatives across the globe. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research [CIFOR], 2014.

HALL, A. Combating Deforestation through REDD+ in the Brazilian Amazon: a New Social Contract? Sustentabilidade em Debate, Brasília, v. 4, n. 1, p. 79-98, 2013.

HEBERLE, R. The sociology of Ferdinand Tönnies. American Sociological Review, Newbury Park, v. 2, n. 1, p. 9-25, 1937.

HEIN J.; FAUST, H.; KUNZ, Y.; MARDIANA, R. The Transnationalisation of Competing State Projects: Carbon Offsetting and Development in Sumatra's Coastal Peat Swamps. Antipode, [s.l.], v. 50, n. 4, p. 953-75, 2018.

THE SUSTAINABLE TRADE INITIATIVE [IDH]. Combining responsible soy with intensified cattle ranching. Idhsustainabletrade [online], Utrecht, 2020.

INSTITUTO MATO-GROSSENSE DE ECONOMIA AGROPECUÁRIA [IMEA]. Agronegócio no Brasil e em Mato Grosso. Cuiabá: IMEA, 2020.

INSTITUTO SOCIOAMBIENTAL [ISA]. Localização e extensão das Tis. pib.socioambiental [online], São Paulo, 2020.

LARSON, A. et al. The role of women in early REDD+ implementation: lessons for future engagement. International Forestry Review, [s.l.], v. 17, n. 1, p. 43-65, 2015.

LEDERER, M.; HÖHNE, C. Max Weber in the tropics: how global climate politics facilitates the bureaucratization of forestry in Indonesia. Regulation & Governance, Brisbane, v. 5, n. 1, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/rego.12270.

LEITE, M. B.; DE ANGUITA, P. M. Classificação das políticas públicas relacionadas com os serviços ecossistêmicos no território brasileiro. Boletim Goiano de Geografia, Goiânia, v. 37, n. 1, p. 106-21, 2017.

LEMOS, M. R. Sociabilidade em destaque: um ensaio teórico a partir do intercâmbio analítico entre Ferdinand Tönnies e Émile Durkheim. Cadernos de Campo: Revista de Ciências Sociais, Araraquara, n. 14-15, p. 127-39, 2011.

LOFT, L.; PHAM, T. T.; WONG, G. Y.; BROCKHAUS, M.; NGOC LE, D.; TJAJADI, J. S.; LUTTRELL, C. Risks to REDD+: potential pitfalls for policy design and implementation. Environmental Conservation, Cambridge, v. 44, n. 1, p. 44-55, 2017.

LONG, A. REDD+ and indigenous peoples in Brazil. In: ABATE, R. S.; KRONK, E. A. (Ed.). Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples: the search for legal remedies. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2013.

LUEDERS, J.; HOROWITZ, C.; CARLSON, A.; HECHT, S. B.; PARSON, E. A. The California REDD+ experience: the ongoing political history of California's initiative to include jurisdictional REDD+ offsets within its cap-and-trade system. Center for Global Development Working Paper, Washington, n. 13, 2014.

MARCUCCI, N. Between facts and wills: Tönnies, Durkheim, and the sociological critique of modern obligation. Journal of Classical Sociology, [s.l.], v. 17, n. 4, p. 276-92, 2017.

MELO, K. C. “Gente de Verd@de”: entre coisas de índio e coisas de não índio: novas geografias Paiter Suruí. 2018. Tese (Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados) - Faculdade de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Dourados, 2018.

MELO, K. C.; SILVA, A. D. Os Paiterey e a technología: Antropfaágia pós-moderna. Revista Percurso, Maringá, v. 8, n. 1, p.149-66, 2016.

MIRANDA, O. Tönnies e Marx: utopia, valor e contradição. Revista da USP, São Paulo, v. 36, p. 184-99, 1998.

NARAYAMOGA SURUI, N. Carta de Princípios e Aspirações do Parlamento Paiter Suruí. Paiter.org, Cacoal, 2020.

NEIMARK, B.; MAHANTY, S.; DRESSLER W.; HICKS, C. Not just participation: the rise of the eco‐precariat in the green economy. Antipode, [s.l.], v. 52, n. 2, p. 496-521, 2020.

NICKEL, P. M. Public Sociology and Civil Society: Governance, Politics, and Power. Boulder: Routledge, 2012.

OLIVEIRA, L. Comunidade e sociedade: notas sobre a atualidade do pensamento de Ferdinand Tönnies. Cadernos de Estudos Sociais, Apipucos, v. 4, n. 1, p. 105-18, 1988.

OSBORNE, T. Tradeoffs in carbon commodification: a political ecology of common property forest governance. Geoforum, Amsterdam, v. 67, p. 64-77, 2015.

PELUSO, N. L.; VANDERGEEST, P. Writing Political Forests. Antipode, [s.l.], v. 52, n. 4, p. 1083-103, 2020.

ROSSI, F. S.; SANTOS, G. A. Fire dynamics in Mato Grosso State, Brazil: the relative roles of gross primary productivity. Big Earth Data, London, v. 4, n. 1, p. 23-44, 2020.

SAMPLES, J. Kant, Toennies and the liberal idea of community in early German sociology. History of Political Thought, [s.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 245-62, 1987.

SANTILLI, J. Socioambientalismo e novos direitos: proteção jurídica à diversidade biológica e cultural. São Paulo: Peirópolis, 2005.

SUNDERLIN, W.; LARSON, A. M.; DUCHELLE, A. E.; RESOSUDARMO, I. A. P.; HUYNH, T. B.; AWONO, A.; DOKKEN, T. How are REDD+ proponents addressing tenure problems? Evidence from Brazil, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Vietnam. World Development, Amsterdam, v. 55, n. 37-52, 2014.

TILMAN, R. Ferdinand Tönnies, Thorstein Veblen and Karl Marx: from community to society and back? The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, London, v. 11, n. 4, p. 79-606, 2004.

TÖNNIES, F. Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft: Abhandlung des Communismus und des Socialismus als empirischer Culturformen. Leipzig: Fues, 1887.

VIJGE, M. J.; GUPTA, A. Framing REDD+ in India: carbonizing and centralizing Indian forest governance? Environmental Science & Policy, Amsterdam, v. 38, p. 17-27, 2014.

WEISSER, F.; MÜLLER‐MAHN, D. No place for the political: micro‐geographies of the Paris Climate Conference 2015. Antipode, [s.l.], v. 49, n. 3, p. 802-20, 2017.

WIRTH, L. The Sociology of Ferdinand Tonnies. American Journal of Sociology, Chicago, v. 32, n. 3, p. 412-22, 1926.

ZWICK, S. The Surui forest carbon project: a case study. Forest Trends [online], Washington 2019.

Interviews and participant observations

INTERVIEW 460. Group conversation with indigenous lawyers and activists. Campo Grande, mar. 31, 2019.

INTERVIEW 464. Indigenous spokesperson. Tacurú, apr. 2, 2019.

INTERVIEW 475. Representative of a Brazilian NGO. Campo Grande, apr. 12, 2019.

INTERVIEW 502. Indigenous leader. Miranda, aug. 16, 2019.

INTERVIEW 478. University professor and indigenous rights activist. Cuiabá, jul. 23, 2019.

INTERVIEW 479. University researcher and indigenous rights activist. Cuiabá, jul. 24, 2019.

INTERVIEW 480. Spokesperson of a Brazilian NGO. Cuiabá, jul. 25, 2019.

INTERVIEW 481. State prosecutor. Cuiabá, jul. 25, 2019.

INTERVIEW 482. Spokesperson of a Brazilian NGO. Cuiabá, jul. 29, 2019.

INTERVIEW 483. State prosecutor. Cuiabá, jul. 29, 2019.

INTERVIEW 484. Representative of the environmental department of the government of Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, jul. 29, 2019.

INTERVIEW 485. Group interview with indigenous leaders and indigenous rights activists. Peixoto de Azevedo, jul. 29, 2019.

INTERVIEW 487. Indigenous spokesperson. Cuiabá, aug. 1, 2019.

INTERVIEW 488. Spokesperson of the Catholic Missionary Council. Cuiabá, aug. 2, 2019.

INTERVIEW 490. Indigenous spokesperson. Cuiabá, aug. 1, 2019.

INTERVIEW 491. Representative of a Brazilian NGO. Cuiabá, aug. 3, 2019.

INTERVIEW 492. Indigenous spokesperson. Cuiabá, aug. 3, 2019.

INTERVIEW 494. Representative of the environmental department of the government of Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, aug. 6, 2019.

INTERVIEW 495. Representative of the German Agency for International Cooperation. Cuiabá, aug. 8, 2019.

INTERVIEW 498. Representative of a Brazilian NGO. Cuiabá, 9 aug. 2019.

INTERVIEW 499. Assistant of a Member of Parliament (Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso). Cuiabá, aug. 10, 2019.

PO 010. Participant observation at a conference of the Governance Commission of the Subprogram on indigenous territories and the REM (REDD+) program of Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, 1-3 aug. 2019.

Downloads

Published

2022-08-10

How to Cite

Eimer, T. R. . (2022). Community, society, and property: REDD+ and indigenous groups in Mato Grosso (Brazil). Série-Estudos - Periódico Do Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Educação Da UCDB, 27(60), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.20435/serieestudos.v27i60.1686